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␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬hDecember 1977


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ε	Proposal to

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬
␈↓∧University of California
␈↓ ↓N␈↓∧␈↓ ∧DLawrence Livermore Laboratory␈↓¬

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬{for design of

␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ α.␈↓∧An Operating System and Memory Switch for the S-1 Computer␈↓¬


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ βvJohn McCarthy, Professor of Computer Science
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ¬3Principal Investigator










␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ε≡Abstract


␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬The␈α↔Stanford␈α↔Artificial␈α↔Intelligence␈α↔Laboratory␈α↔proposes␈α↔to␈α↔participate␈α↔in␈α↔the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬Lawrence␈α∩Livermore␈α∪Laboratory␈α∩program␈α∩for␈α∪development␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∪S-1␈α∩computer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬system␈αby␈αdesigning␈α
certain␈αelements␈αand␈α
developing␈αan␈αefficient␈αoperating␈α
system
␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬over a period of three years.  This proposal covers the first 9 months' work.










␈↓ ↓N␈↓¬␈↓ ∧W␈↓∧Computer Science Department
␈↓ ↓N␈↓∧␈↓ ¬,Stanford University
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ εS-1 Proposal␈↓ b1


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ βF1.  Goals                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓During␈αthe␈αperiod␈α
of␈αthis␈αinitial␈αproposal␈α
such
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓support␈αactivity␈αwill␈αinclude␈αdetailed␈αdesign␈αof
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Building␈α~on␈α~a␈α~substantial␈α~background␈α~in          ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α#crossbar␈α$switch␈α#for␈α#the␈α$␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α#S-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer␈αtimesharing␈αsystem␈αdevelopment␈α(see    ␈↓ π∞␈↓multiprocessor␈α→con␈↓βC␈↓guration␈α→and␈α→the␈α→post-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Appendix␈α+A),␈α+the␈α+Stanford␈α+Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial             ␈↓ π∞␈↓construction␈α∞debugging␈α
and␈α∞documentation␈α
of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Intelligence␈α_Laboratory␈α↔(SAIL)␈α_proposes␈α↔to      ␈↓ π∞␈↓this hardware module.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓participate␈α%in␈α%the␈α%Lawrence␈α$Livermore
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Laboratory␈α∪(LLL)␈α∪program␈α∪for␈α∩development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α_the␈α↔S-1␈α_computer␈α↔system␈α_by␈α↔designing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓certain␈α∩elements␈α∩and␈α∩developing␈α∪an␈α∩e␈↓β@␈↓icient      ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λ`2.  Work Plan
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operating␈αsystem␈α
over␈αa␈α
period␈αof␈α
three␈αyears.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓This proposal covers the ␈↓βC␈↓rst 9 months' work.␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ πR2.1 Operating System Development

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∩proposed␈α⊃work␈α∩will␈α⊃have␈α∩the␈α⊃following         ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∀operating␈α∀system␈α∀to␈α∀be␈α∀developed␈α∀will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓subgoals:                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓exploit␈α≡the␈α≡full␈α≡suite␈α≡of␈α∨capabilities␈α≡of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓multiprocessor␈αS-1␈α
con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈αand␈α
will␈αuse
␈↓ ↓N␈↓1)␈α~Design␈α~and␈α~begin␈α~development␈α~of␈α→an             ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α↔better␈α↔features␈α↔of␈α_existing␈α↔timesharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operating␈α'sysem␈α'for␈α'both␈α'single␈α&and              ␈↓ π∞␈↓systems,␈α↔such␈α↔as␈α↔Unix,␈α↔Multics,␈α↔TOPS-20,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiprocessor␈α~S-1␈α≠computer␈α~con␈↓βC␈↓gurations      ␈↓ π∞␈↓ITS,␈α∂and␈α∞the␈α∂Stanford␈α∞Monitor.␈α∂ However,␈α∞it
␈↓ ↓N␈↓with␈α
dedicated␈α
disk␈α
systems.␈α
 This␈α
system␈α
will    ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈α⊂also␈α∂be␈α⊂capable␈α∂of␈α⊂specialization␈α⊂for␈α∂use
␈↓ ↓N␈↓provide␈α$e␈↓β@␈↓icient␈α#resource␈α$allocation␈α#for        ␈↓ π∞␈↓with␈α single␈α processor␈α!S-1␈α con␈↓βC␈↓gurations.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α⊂of␈α⊂1␈α∂to␈α⊂32␈α⊂processors␈α⊂and␈α∂will       ␈↓ π∞␈↓There␈α≥will␈α≥also␈α≥be␈α≥some␈α≡innovation␈α≥in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓include␈α~user␈α~interactive␈α~facilities␈α~that␈α~are     ␈↓ π∞␈↓interactive user services.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓optimized␈α"for␈α"display␈α#terminals,␈α"though
␈↓ ↓N␈↓teleprinter␈α
terminals␈α
will␈α
also␈α
be␈αsupported.␈α
 In ␈↓ π∞␈↓A␈α~key␈α~problem␈α→to␈α~be␈α~solved␈α~is␈α→e␈↓β@␈↓icient
␈↓ ↓N␈↓addition␈αto␈αthe␈αoperating␈αsystem,␈αa␈α
number␈αof      ␈↓ π∞␈↓allocation␈α_and␈α_scheduling␈α_of␈α→resources.␈α_ It
␈↓ ↓N␈↓utility␈α⊂programs␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂developed,␈α∂including    ␈↓ π∞␈↓should␈α$be␈α$possible␈α$to␈α$␈↓βD␈↓exibly␈α#allocate
␈↓ ↓N␈↓text␈α$editors,␈α$␈↓βC␈↓le␈α$management␈α#programs,          ␈↓ π∞␈↓processors␈α≡either␈α≡to␈α≥a␈α≡number␈α≡of␈α≥tasks
␈↓ ↓N␈↓compilers, and debuggers.                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓supporting␈α∩independent␈α∩users␈α∩or␈α∩to␈α∩separate
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓forks of a single task, depending on priorities.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈αrecognizes␈αthat␈αthe␈αS-1␈α
Project␈αrequires
␈↓ ↓N␈↓an␈α∂evolving␈α∞operating␈α∂system␈α∞for␈α∂the␈α∞various      ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊃planning␈α⊃phase␈α⊃of␈α⊃this␈α⊃work␈α∩(of␈α⊃about
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer␈αcon␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈αit␈αis␈αcreating,␈αand␈αwill   ␈↓ π∞␈↓three␈αmonths'␈αduration)␈αwill␈αbe␈αdevoted␈αto␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓undertake␈α⊂to␈α⊂create␈α∂an␈α⊂operating␈α⊂system␈α∂that      ␈↓ π∞␈↓following tasks:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈αhave␈αsome␈αminimal␈αcapability␈αearly␈αin␈αthe     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(1) familiarization with the S-1 equipment
␈↓ ↓N␈↓e␈↓β@␈↓ort,␈α~growing␈α~thereafter␈α~in␈α~capability␈α→in       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcharacteristics;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓frequent increments.                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(2) characterization of the principal kinds of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcomputing tasks that are to be performed
␈↓ ↓N␈↓2)␈α
Based␈α
on␈α
work␈α
done␈α
in␈α
pursuit␈α
of␈α
the␈α
␈↓βC␈↓rst         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNwith this system;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓subgoal,␈α,recommend␈α,speci␈↓βC␈↓c␈α,equipment           ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(3) general design of program services to be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓characteristics␈α≥needed␈α≥to␈α≡support␈α≥e␈↓β@␈↓icient      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNprovided by the operating system,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operation.␈α≥ This␈α≥particularly␈α≡includes␈α≥the      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNincluding primary memory allocation and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓manner␈α⊗in␈α⊗which␈α⊗secondary␈α⊗memories␈α⊗and           ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πN␈↓βC␈↓le system characteristics;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓peripherals␈αwill␈α
connect␈αto␈αvarious␈α
S-1␈αsystem    ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(4) general design of user services, including
␈↓ ↓N␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations.                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNdisplay control, command languages, and
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcharacter set standards;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓3)␈α
Support␈α
S-1␈α
Project␈α
hardware␈α
development,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(5) analysis of other resource allocation issues;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α∃fashions␈α∃and␈α∀to␈α∃extents␈α∃mutualy␈α∀agreed         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(6) study of major existing operating systems
␈↓ ↓N␈↓upon␈α→by␈α→cognizant␈α→SAIL␈α→and␈α→LLL␈α_sta␈↓β@␈↓.              ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNto determine which of their features may
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ εS-1 Proposal␈↓ `2


␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞be pro␈↓βC␈↓tably included in the one to be      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNusing the S-1 Design System Graphics
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞created, and which, if any, of their major  ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNLanguage.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞modules may be appropriately carried        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡3) Complete physical design of the switch,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞over into the new operating system;         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNincluding layout and cable assignment.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(7) formulation of criteria for selection of␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡4) Production of ␈↓βC␈↓nal wire-lists through the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞programming languages to be used in         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNS-1 Design System.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞major develop- ment tasks.                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡5) Debugging, including demonstration of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓This␈α⊃phase␈α⊂of␈α⊃the␈α⊂work␈α⊃will␈α⊃culminate␈α⊂with         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNfull switch functionality, using the LLL-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α∩generation␈α∩of␈α∩a␈α∩report␈α∪documenting␈α∩the        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNsupplied LSI-11 diagnostic system.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓results of performing these 7 tasks.        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡6) Documentation, including a structured text
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNdescription of the hardware to augment
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Other␈α∂products␈α∞of␈α∂this␈α∞phase␈α∂will␈α∂include␈α∞an       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNthe structured drawings, and a high-level
␈↓ ↓N␈↓assortment␈αof␈αplanning␈αdocuments␈αand␈αspeci␈↓βC␈↓c     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNdescription of switch operation.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓recommendations␈α∞on␈α∞equipment␈α∂design␈α∞issues,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓such␈α∞as␈α
how␈α∞the␈α
disk␈α∞storage␈α
units␈α∞should␈α
be        ␈↓ π∞␈↓All␈α≥aspects␈α≥of␈α≥crossbar␈α≡switch␈α≥hardware
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interfaced to the multiprocessor system.    ␈↓ π∞␈↓implementation␈α$is␈α#proposed␈α$to␈α$be␈α#the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓responsibility␈α⊂of␈α⊂LLL.␈α⊂ At␈α⊂the␈α⊃completion␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∪subsequent␈α∩design␈α∪phase␈α∩(of␈α∪about␈α∩six         ␈↓ π∞␈↓Step␈α⊂4␈α∂(above),␈α⊂it␈α∂is␈α⊂proposed␈α∂that␈α⊂LLL␈α∂will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓months'␈α
duration)␈α
will␈α
focus␈α
on␈αdetailed␈α
design   ␈↓ π∞␈↓construct␈α∞the␈α
switch,␈α∞associated␈α∞cabinetry,␈α
and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α→the␈α→functional␈α→elements␈α→of␈α→the␈α→system,         ␈↓ π∞␈↓LSI-11␈α⊃debug␈α∩processor,␈α⊃and␈α∩will␈α⊃thereupon
␈↓ ↓N␈↓selection␈α⊗of␈α∃system␈α⊗programming␈α∃languages,      ␈↓ π∞␈↓make␈α⊃the␈α⊂switch␈α⊃available␈α⊂for␈α⊃debugging␈α⊂by
␈↓ ↓N␈↓programming␈α≠of␈α≠developmental␈α≠tools␈α≠(e.g.,       ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈αsta␈↓β@␈↓.␈α Throughout␈αthe␈αdesign,␈αcognizant
␈↓ ↓N␈↓simple␈α∪editors␈α∪and␈α∪debuggers),␈α∪and␈α∪possibly      ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈α
sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α
members␈α
will␈α
maintain␈α
close␈α
contact
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈αmodi␈↓βC␈↓cation␈α
of␈αa␈α
compiler␈αto␈α
produce␈αS-1       ␈↓ π∞␈↓with cognizant LLL sta␈↓β@␈↓ members.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓code.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ αG2.2 Crossbar Switch Design
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λl3.  Facilities
␈↓ ↓N␈↓It␈α∂is␈α∂proposed␈α∂to␈α∂design␈α∂a␈α∂crossbar␈α⊂switch␈α∂to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓connect␈α∀16␈α∀S-1␈α∀processors␈α∀with␈α∀16␈α∪memory          ␈↓ π∞␈↓Much␈α≡of␈α∨the␈α≡planning␈α∨and␈α≡preliminary
␈↓ ↓N␈↓modules␈α∞with␈α∂a␈α∞maximum␈α∞concurrency␈α∂of␈α∞16,         ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming␈α⊃work␈α⊃on␈α⊃both␈α⊃projects␈α⊃will␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α↔a␈α↔throughput␈α↔of␈α↔70␈α_nanoseconds␈α↔per            ␈↓ π∞␈↓performed␈α∂on␈α⊂the␈α∂existing␈α⊂computer␈α∂facilities
␈↓ ↓N␈↓word,␈αas␈α
speci␈↓βC␈↓ed␈αin␈α
Reference␈α1.␈α
 The␈αswitch      ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α+the␈α+Stanford␈α+Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α*Intelligence
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈α
contain␈α
logic␈α
to␈α
allow␈α
an␈α
LSI-11␈α
processor,   ␈↓ π∞␈↓Laboratory.␈α Since␈αthis␈αequipment␈αhas␈αalready
␈↓ ↓N␈↓connected␈α⊃through␈α⊃an␈α⊃LLL-supplied␈α⊃parallel      ␈↓ π∞␈↓been␈α,purchased,␈α,mostly␈α,with␈α,U.␈α+S.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interface,␈α
to␈αperform␈α
comprehensive␈α
testing␈αof   ␈↓ π∞␈↓Government␈α⊗research␈α⊗funds,␈α⊗the␈α⊗only␈α⊗costs
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈αswitch␈α(both␈αby␈αproviding␈αarti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈αstimuli   ␈↓ π∞␈↓involved␈αin␈αits␈αuse␈αwill␈αbe␈αthe␈αsupport␈αof␈αpart
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α∀the␈α∪switch,␈α∀and␈α∀by␈α∪reading␈α∀the␈α∀state␈α∪of          ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈αa␈αcomputer␈αtechnician␈αand␈αa␈αshare␈αof␈αother
␈↓ ↓N␈↓switch␈αbuses␈αand␈α
signals)␈αand␈αto␈α
recover␈αfrom      ␈↓ π∞␈↓maintenance costs.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓what␈α(are␈α(considered␈α(to␈α)be␈α(probable
␈↓ ↓N␈↓recoverable␈α≥failure␈α≥modes␈α≥of␈α≥the␈α≤switch,         ␈↓ π∞␈↓It␈αis␈αproposed␈αthat␈αLLL␈αmake␈αavailable␈αto␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processors, and memory modules.             ␈↓ π∞␈↓Stanford␈α∨Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α∨Intelligence␈α∨Laboratory
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓fractions␈α⊗of␈α∃the␈α⊗capabilities␈α∃of␈α⊗both␈α∃single
␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈α≤proposes␈α≠to␈α≤perform␈α≤the␈α≠following           ␈↓ π∞␈↓processor␈α?␈απand␈α?␈απmultiprocessor␈α?␈απS-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓subtasks␈α
of␈α∞this␈α
basic␈α∞task␈α
during␈α∞the␈α
current     ␈↓ π∞␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α∩appropriate␈α∩to␈α∪various␈α∩phases
␈↓ ↓N␈↓proposal period:                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α∀advanced␈α∀operating␈α∃systems␈α∀development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑1) Familiarization of SAIL design personnel ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α
debugging.␈α
 Determination␈αof␈α
how␈α
this␈αis
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞with the S-1 Design System.                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α∩be␈α∩most␈α⊃e␈↓β@␈↓ectively␈α∩accomplished␈α∩is␈α∩to␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑2) Complete logical design of the switch    ␈↓ π∞␈↓made␈α∀jointly␈α∃by␈α∀cognizant␈α∀LLL␈α∃and␈α∀SAIL
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ εS-1 Proposal␈↓ `3


␈↓ ↓N␈↓personnel,␈α∨as␈α∨such␈α∨needs␈α∨evolve.␈α∨ It␈α≡is           ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λkAppendix A 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓anticipated␈α∃that␈α∃some␈α∃phone␈α∃line␈α⊗access␈α∃to        ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π SAIL Background in System Development 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓LLL-based␈α⊃S-1␈α⊃hardware␈α⊃con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α⊂will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓be␈α
needed␈αand␈α
a␈α
budget␈αitem␈α
to␈α
support␈αsuch
␈↓ ↓N␈↓access is included.                         ␈↓ π∞␈↓While␈α⊃the␈α⊃primary␈α⊃interests␈α⊃of␈α∩the␈α⊃Stanford
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhave␈αbeen␈αin
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α∪intelligence,␈α∪mathematical␈α∀theory␈α∪of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓computation,␈α
and␈α
related␈α
theoretical␈αproblems,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ α)4.  Coordination and Reporting              ␈↓ π∞␈↓certain␈α
members␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
SAIL␈α
sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∞have␈α
been
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓involved␈α⊂for␈α∂many␈α⊂years␈α∂in␈α⊂the␈α∂development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓It␈α≠is␈α≠proposed␈α≠that␈α≠primary␈α≠coordination         ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α4timesharing␈α4systems,␈α4programming
␈↓ ↓N␈↓between␈α≡cognizant␈α≡LLL␈α≡and␈α≡SAIL␈α≥sta␈↓β@␈↓              ␈↓ π∞␈↓languages,␈α∂and␈α∂interactive␈α∂facilities.␈α∂ Some␈α∂of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓members␈α'be␈α'accompished␈α'via␈α&monthly              ␈↓ π∞␈↓these activities are outlined below.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓meetings,␈α⊃to␈α⊃be␈α⊃conducted␈α⊃for␈α⊃approximately
␈↓ ↓N␈↓half-day␈α#periods.␈α# Senior␈α#SAIL␈α"Project          ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈αconcept␈αof␈αa␈αgeneral␈αpurpose␈αtimesharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓members␈α~will␈α~document␈α~the␈α~salient␈α→topics         ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∂was␈α∂␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α∞proposed␈α∂by␈α∂John␈α∞McCarthy
␈↓ ↓N␈↓addressed␈α≡at␈α≥these␈α≡conferences␈α≥(including       ␈↓ π∞␈↓when␈α∞he␈α∞was␈α∞at␈α
MIT␈α∞[2].␈α∞ That␈α∞proposal␈α
led
␈↓ ↓N␈↓accomplishments␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α⊂previous␈α⊂month,␈α∂and       ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈αthe␈αpioneering␈αsystems␈αdeveloped␈αin␈αProject
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α→relatively␈α→detailed␈α→work␈α→plan␈α→for␈α→the         ␈↓ π∞␈↓MAC.␈α↔ McCarthy␈α_also␈α↔participated␈α_in␈α↔the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓upcoming␈α(month)␈α(and␈α(distribute␈α(such             ␈↓ π∞␈↓development␈αof␈αan␈αearly␈αtimesharing␈αsystem␈αat
␈↓ ↓N␈↓documents␈α∪to␈α∪all␈α∪cognizant␈α∪SAIL␈α∀and␈α∪LLL           ␈↓ π∞␈↓BBN [3].
␈↓ ↓N␈↓sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α%members␈α$as␈α%the␈α%primary␈α$project
␈↓ ↓N␈↓coordination papers.                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓Shortly␈α∀after␈α∀arriving␈α∀at␈α∀Stanford␈α∀in␈α∀1962,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓McCarthy␈α∂undertook␈α⊂the␈α∂development␈α⊂of␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓SAIL␈αproposes␈α
to␈αsubmit␈α
two␈αinterim␈α
technical     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓βC␈↓rst␈α∪display-oriented␈α∪timesharing␈α∪system␈α∪[4],
␈↓ ↓N␈↓reports␈α↔to␈α↔LLL␈α↔dealing␈α↔with␈α↔the␈α↔progress          ␈↓ π∞␈↓based␈α
on␈αa␈α
PDP-1␈αcomputer␈α
with␈α
12␈αdisplays
␈↓ ↓N␈↓made␈αduring␈αthe␈αWinter␈αand␈αSpring␈αQuarters        ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∪a␈α∪link␈α∪to␈α∩an␈α∪IBM␈α∪7090.␈α∪ One␈α∩notable
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α∀1978,␈α∃and␈α∀a␈α∀␈↓βC␈↓nal,␈α∃comprehensive␈α∀report         ␈↓ π∞␈↓accomplishment␈α∨of␈α∨this␈α∨project␈α∨was␈α∨the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓which␈α∞treats␈α∂in␈α∞detail␈α∞all␈α∂aspects␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞work      ␈↓ π∞␈↓development␈α#of␈α#a␈α#"page␈α#editor"␈α"called
␈↓ ↓N␈↓done␈α↔during␈α↔the␈α_January-September,␈α↔1978,        ␈↓ π∞␈↓TVEDIT␈α∃that␈α∃exploited␈α∃the␈α∃capabilities␈α∀of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓period.␈α_ It␈α_is␈α_anticipated␈α_that␈α→the␈α_Winter        ␈↓ π∞␈↓displays␈α≡in␈α≡text␈α≡editing.␈α≡ This␈α≡was␈α≥the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Quarter␈α
document␈α
will␈α
report␈α
the␈α
results␈α
of␈α
the    ␈↓ π∞␈↓forerunner␈α∪of␈α∪screen␈α∀editors␈α∪now␈α∪in␈α∀use␈α∪at
␈↓ ↓N␈↓7-point␈α operating␈α sysem␈α planning␈α phase          ␈↓ π∞␈↓SAIL␈α∪and␈α∩in␈α∪a␈α∩number␈α∪of␈α∪other␈α∩advanced
␈↓ ↓N␈↓discussed␈α∩in␈α⊃Section␈α∩2.1,␈α∩as␈α⊃well␈α∩as␈α∩the␈α⊃␈↓βC␈↓rst       ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing systems.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓three␈αitems␈α
of␈αthe␈α
crossbar␈αswitch␈α
development
␈↓ ↓N␈↓discussed␈α≡in␈α≡Section␈α≡2.2.␈α≡ It␈α≡is␈α≡likewise         ␈↓ π∞␈↓When␈α!the␈α!SAIL␈α!computer␈α!facility␈α was
␈↓ ↓N␈↓expected␈α∩that␈α∪the␈α∩Spring␈α∪Quarter␈α∩document        ␈↓ π∞␈↓assembled␈α∪in␈α∀1966,␈α∪the␈α∀sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪PDP-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈αreport␈αpreliminary␈αresults␈αof␈αthe␈α
operating  ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing␈αproject␈αbecame␈αthe␈αnucleus␈αof␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓system␈α⊂design␈α⊃phase␈α⊂of␈α⊃Section␈α⊂2.1,␈α⊃and␈α⊂will       ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈α system␈α∨sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α that␈α developed␈α∨a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓also␈α∞report␈α∞successful␈α∞completion␈α∞of␈α∞at␈α∞least␈α∞2    ␈↓ π∞␈↓display-oriented␈α⊗system␈α↔on␈α⊗a␈α↔DEC␈α⊗PDP-6
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈αthe␈α␈↓βC␈↓nal␈α3␈αitems␈αof␈αthe␈α
switch␈αdevelopment       ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈α∃initially␈α∃and␈α∃later␈α∃on␈α∃KA10␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈αSection␈α2.2.␈α The␈α␈↓βC␈↓nal␈αreport␈αwill␈αdetail␈αthe    ␈↓ π∞␈↓KL10␈α→processors.␈α→ There␈α→are␈α→currently␈α→70
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α
operating␈α∞system␈α∞of␈α∞Section␈α
2.1,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓display␈αterminals␈α
connected␈αto␈α
the␈αsystem,␈α
most
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α
will␈α
include␈α∞the␈α
description␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
switch     ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α⊃them␈α⊃with␈α∩full␈α⊃graphics␈α⊃capability␈α∩[5,␈α⊃6].
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈αimplementation␈α
and␈αdebugging␈αwork␈α
of      ␈↓ π∞␈↓There␈α∪is␈α∪also␈α∪a␈α∪connection␈α∪to␈α∪the␈α∩Arpanet,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Section␈α2.2.␈α All␈αthese␈αreports␈αwill␈αbe␈α
delivered  ␈↓ π∞␈↓permitting␈α$remote␈α$access␈α$to␈α$and␈α#from
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α∪LLL␈α∀within␈α∪30␈α∀days␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪end␈α∀of␈α∪the              ␈↓ π∞␈↓hundreds␈α~of␈α~other␈α~computers␈α~around␈α~the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓periods on whose results they report.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓world.␈α
 In␈α∞addition␈α
to␈α∞providing␈α
conventional
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓timesharing␈α∨services,␈α∨this␈α∨system␈α∨handles
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αAppendix A␈↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development␈↓ ]4


␈↓ ↓N␈↓realtime␈α≠control␈α≤of␈α≠mechanical␈α≤arms␈α≠and          ␈↓ π∞␈↓carry␈α⊃out␈α⊃the␈α⊃proposed␈α⊃work␈α⊃are␈α∩as␈α⊃follows.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓television␈α⊂cameras,␈α⊂in␈α⊂support␈α⊂of␈α⊃research␈α⊂in     ␈↓ π∞␈↓John␈α_McCarthy,␈α↔who␈α_will␈α_provide␈α↔overall
␈↓ ↓N␈↓automatic␈α∂mechanical␈α∂assembly␈α∂and␈α∞computer      ␈↓ π∞␈↓direction␈α⊗of␈α⊗the␈α⊗project,␈α⊗is␈α⊗a␈α⊗Professor␈α∃of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓vision [7].                                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓Computer␈α
Science␈α∞and␈α
Director␈α
of␈α∞SAIL.␈α
 He
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓has␈α∂26␈α∂years␈α∞experience␈α∂as␈α∂a␈α∂faculty␈α∞member
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α∩the␈α∩period␈α∩1970-73,␈α∩SAIL␈α∩sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∩members          ␈↓ π∞␈↓at␈α∩a␈α∩number␈α∩of␈α∩major␈α∩universities␈α∩and␈α∩has
␈↓ ↓N␈↓designed␈α∀a␈α∀high␈α∀speed␈α∀processor␈α∀known␈α∀as          ␈↓ π∞␈↓been␈α a␈α principal␈α innovator␈α!in␈α arti␈↓βC␈↓cial
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"Super␈α≥Foonly",␈α≡which␈α≥featured␈α≡a␈α≥cache           ␈↓ π∞␈↓intelligence,␈α<mathematical␈α=theory␈α<of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓memory,␈α≤user-accessible␈α≤microcode,␈α≥and␈α≤a        ␈↓ π∞␈↓computation,␈α⊗and␈α⊗timesharing␈α↔systems.␈α⊗ Les
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"console␈α∨computer"␈α∨(a␈α∨minicomputer␈α≡that         ␈↓ π∞␈↓Earnest,␈α⊃who␈α⊃is␈α⊃Associate␈α⊃Director␈α∩of␈α⊃SAIL,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓monitors␈α~the␈α→main␈α~processor).␈α~ The␈α→latter        ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈α⊂handle␈α∂much␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α⊂management␈α⊂of␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓innovation␈α→has␈α→since␈α→been␈α→included␈α~in␈α→a           ␈↓ π∞␈↓project.␈α≠ He␈α≤has␈α≠24␈α≠years␈α≤experience␈α≠in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓number␈α
of␈α
other␈α
machines,␈α
including␈α
the␈αS-1.      ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming,␈α_computer␈α_system␈α_design␈α↔and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓After␈α∂the␈α∞design␈α∂was␈α∞completed,␈α∂it␈α∂was␈α∞made        ␈↓ π∞␈↓technical management.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓available␈α∩to␈α∩Digital␈α∩Equipment␈α∩Corporation,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓which␈α used␈α it␈α!as␈α the␈α basis␈α!for␈α their               ␈↓ π∞␈↓Je␈↓β@␈↓␈α→Rubin,␈α→who␈α→will␈α→head␈α→the␈α_operating
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Decsystem/10␈α!and␈α"Decsystem/20␈α!computer         ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∞design␈α∞e␈↓β@␈↓ort,␈α∂is␈α∞currently␈α∞in␈α∂charge␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓systems.␈α⊃ The␈α⊃KL10␈α⊃processor␈α⊃now␈α∩at␈α⊃SAIL          ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∞programming␈α
at␈α∞SAIL␈α
and␈α∞has␈α
twelve
␈↓ ↓N␈↓was␈α
donated␈αby␈α
DEC␈α
out␈αof␈α
gratitude␈α
for␈αthe         ␈↓ π∞␈↓years␈α⊂experience␈α⊂as␈α⊂a␈α⊂programmer,␈α⊂including
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design contribution.                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓six␈αyears␈αas␈αa␈αsystem␈αprogrammer␈αat␈αMIT␈αand
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓four␈α∃years␈α∃in␈α∃this␈α∃capacity␈α∃at␈α∃SAIL.␈α∃ Ted
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Another␈α
important␈α
outgrowth␈α
of␈α
this␈α
computer     ␈↓ π∞␈↓Panofsky,␈αwho␈αwill␈αdesign␈αthe␈αcrossbar␈αswitch,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈αproject␈αwas␈αa␈αdesign␈αautomation␈αsystem     ␈↓ π∞␈↓is␈αhead␈αof␈αthe␈αSAIL␈αComputer␈αFacility␈αgroup,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓known␈α"as␈α#SUDS␈α"[8],␈α#which␈α"combined                ␈↓ π∞␈↓has␈α⊂been␈α∂a␈α⊂design␈α⊂engineer␈α∂at␈α⊂SAIL␈α⊂for␈α∂ten
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interactive␈α"drawing␈α"facilities␈α#with␈α"other       ␈↓ π∞␈↓years,␈α∃and␈α∃had␈α∃several␈α∃years␈α⊗of␈α∃electronics
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer-aided␈αdesign␈αservices.␈α This␈αwas␈αthe    ␈↓ π∞␈↓experience␈αbefore␈αthat.␈α
 Martin␈αFrost␈αhas␈α
been
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓βC␈↓rst␈αsystem␈αthat␈αpermitted␈αa␈αdesigner,␈αworking    ␈↓ π∞␈↓a systems programmer at SAIL for ␈↓βC␈↓ve years.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓through␈α~a␈α→display␈α~terminal,␈α~to␈α→completely
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈α≡complex␈α≡digital␈α≡devices,␈α≥including       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λuReferences 
␈↓ ↓N␈↓printed␈α⊂circuit␈α⊂boards␈α⊂and␈α⊂backpanel␈α∂wiring.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α
system␈α
automatically␈α
produces␈α
artwork␈α
for    ␈↓ π∞␈↓[1] Tom McWilliams and Curt Widdoes, ␈↓αThe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓PC␈α∪boards␈α∪and␈α∪control␈α∪tapes␈α∪for␈α∪automatic         ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>S-1 Memory Interface␈↓, October 3, 1977.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓wiring␈α∃machines.␈α∀ SUDS␈α∃has␈α∀been␈α∃used␈α∀to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓design␈α∂␈↓βC␈↓ve␈α∞large␈α∂computers␈α∞so␈α∂far,␈α∞as␈α∂well␈α∞as       ␈↓ π∞␈↓[2] John McCarthy, ␈↓αA Time Sharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓countless␈α∞other␈α∞digital␈α∞devices.␈α∞ It␈α∞is␈α∞currently ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Operator Program for our Projected IBM
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α⊃use␈α∩at␈α⊃MIT,␈α∩Carnegie-Mellon␈α⊃University,       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>709␈↓, memo to P. M. Morse, MIT, January
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α∀Digital␈α∪Equipment␈α∀Corporation,␈α∪among        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>1, 1959.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓other␈α⊗places,␈α⊗and␈α⊗is␈α⊗the␈α⊗basis␈α⊗of␈α⊗the␈α∃S-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Design System.                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓[3] John McCarthy, S. Boilen, E. Fredkin,
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>J.C.R. Licklider, ␈↓αA Time-sharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Other␈α∂interests␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞SAIL␈α∂sta␈↓β@␈↓␈α∂include␈α∞the       ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Debugging System for a Small
␈↓ ↓N␈↓development␈α≠of␈α≠assemblers␈α≠[9],␈α≠the␈α≠LISP          ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>Computer␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIP Conf.␈↓ (SJCC), Vol.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓family␈αof␈αprogramming␈αlanguages␈αand␈αsystems      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>23, 1963.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[10,␈α
11,␈α∞12],␈α
the␈α∞SAIL␈α
language␈α∞and␈α
compiler
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[13],␈α
text␈α
editors␈α
[14,␈α
15],␈αinteractive␈α
debuggers␈↓ π∞␈↓[4] John McCarthy, D. Brian, G. Feldman, J.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓[16],␈α⊃document␈α⊂compilers␈α⊃[17],␈α⊃and␈α⊂computer      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>Allen, ␈↓αTHOR ␈↓␈↓βe␈↓␈↓α A Display Based Time-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓communication systems [18].                 ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ π>sharing System␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>(FJCC), Vol. 30, Thompson, Washington,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α
backgrounds␈α
of␈α
the␈α
individuals␈α
who␈α
will       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π>D.C., 1967.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αAppendix A␈↓ ∧@SAIL Background in System Development␈↓ ←5


␈↓ ↓N␈↓[5] Brian Harvey and Martin Frost, ␈↓αMonitor
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Command Manual␈↓, SAILON-54.5,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}January 1976.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[6] McCarthy, John, Lester Earnest, D. Raj.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Reddy, Pierre Vicens, ␈↓αA Computer with
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Hands, Eyes, and Ears␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}(FJCC), 1968.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[7] Martin Frost, ␈↓αUUO Manual␈↓, SAILON-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}55.5, October 1977.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[8] Richard Helliwell, ␈↓αStanford Drawing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Program␈↓, SAIL Program Note, 1971.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[9] Fred Wright and Ralph Gorin, ␈↓αFAIL␈↓,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-226, April 1974.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[10] John McCarthy, ␈↓αRecursive Functions of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Symbolic Expressions␈↓, ␈↓↓Communications of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}the ACM␈↓, April 1960.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[11] John McCarthy, ␈↓↓et al, LISP 1.5
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}Programmer's Manual,␈↓, MIT Press, 1962.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[12] David C. Smith, ␈↓αMLISP User's Manual␈↓,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Stanford AI Memo AIM-84, January
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}1969.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[13] John Reiser (ed.), ␈↓αSAIL␈↓, Stanford AI
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}Memo AIM-289, August 1976.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[14] William Weiher and Steve Savitzky, ␈↓αSon
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}of Stopgap␈↓, SAILON-50.3, October 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[15] Arthur Samuel and Martin Frost, ␈↓αE Text
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Editor␈↓, Program Note, December 1977.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[16] Phil Petit, ␈↓αRAID␈↓, SAILON-58.1,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}February 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[17] Larry Tesler, ␈↓αPUB, the Document
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓}Compiler␈↓, SAILON-70, September 1970.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓[18] John McCarthy and Les Earnest,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓}␈↓αDIALNET and the Home Terminal␈↓, ␈↓↓Proc.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓↓␈↓ ↓}Computer Faire␈↓, San Francisco, 1977.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ε↑␈↓ `6


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β:5.  Budget                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αD. Permanent Equipment␈↓ ␈↓ 0- - -

␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓wNine Months Beginning 1 January 1978        ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αE. Expendable Supplies &␈↓ ␈↓ ,1,200
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓     ␈↓αEquipment (e.g. o␈↓␈↓β`␈↓␈↓αice
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ∧d␈↓αPerson␈↓ ¬>                                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓α     supplies, copying, postage)␈↓
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ∧ZMonths␈↓ ¬>
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αA. Salaries and Wages␈↓                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αF. Travel␈↓ (domestic) ␈↓ ,2,000

␈↓ ↓N␈↓   1. Senior Personnel:                     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αG. Publications␈↓ ␈↓ A600

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      a. John McCarthy ␈↓ ¬~0.6␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l2,040            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αH. Other Costs␈↓ ␈↓ ,1,635
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Prof. of Computer Science          ␈↓ π∞␈↓   1. Telephone ␈↓ 
Q810␈↓ 
}
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         5% acad. yr., 10% summer           ␈↓ π∞␈↓   2. Computer Equipment
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓      Maintenance ␈↓ 
Q825␈↓ 
}
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      b. Lester Earnest ␈↓ ¬~1.4␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l4,313           ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ _______
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Senior Research Associate          ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αI. Total Direct Costs␈↓ (A thru H) ␈↓ ≥96,745
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         15%
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αJ. Indirect Costs␈↓ ␈↓ ≥56,112
␈↓ ↓N␈↓   2. Other Personnel:                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓     (58% of A thru H less D)
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ _______
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      a. Je␈↓α␈↓β@␈↓α␈↓ Rubin ␈↓ ¬~9.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]17,507               ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓αK. Total Costs ␈↓ ∪152,857
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Computer Systems Spec.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      b. Ted Panofsky ␈↓ ¬~8.1␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]13,499
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Design Engineer, 90%

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      c. Martin Frost ␈↓ ¬~9.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]12,726
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      d. ␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓␈↓α␈↓βE␈↓α␈↓ ␈↓ ¬~9.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬]16,362
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         Systems Programmer

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      e. Student Res. Assist. ␈↓ ¬~6.0␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l5,781
␈↓ ↓N␈↓         50% acad. yr., 100% sum.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓      f. Support Personnel:

␈↓ ↓N␈↓         (1) Secretary (25%) ␈↓ ¬~2.3␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l1,858

␈↓ ↓N␈↓         (2) Elect. Tech. (25%) ␈↓ ¬~2.3␈↓ ¬> ␈↓ ¬l2,555
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ¬L_______
␈↓ ↓N␈↓      Total Salaries & Wages ␈↓ ¬]76,641

␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓αB. Sta␈↓␈↓β`␈↓␈↓α Bene␈↓␈↓βc␈↓␈↓αts␈↓ ␈↓ ¬]14,669
␈↓ ↓N␈↓     19.0% till 1 Sept.'78,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓     20.3% thereafter
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ¬L_______
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓αC. Total Salaries, Wages,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α     and Sta␈↓␈↓β`␈↓␈↓α Bene␈↓␈↓βc␈↓␈↓αts␈↓ ␈↓ ¬]91,310